Products related to Evolution:
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Argument-Based Validation in Testing and Assessment
Carol A. Chapelle shows readers how to design validation research for tests of human capacities and performance.Any test that is used to make decisions about people or programs should have undergone extensive research to demonstrate that the scores are actually appropriate for their intended purpose.Argument-Based Validation in Testing and Assessment is intended to help close the gap between theory and practice, by introducing, explaining, and demonstrating how test developers can formulate the overall design for their validation research from an argument-based perspective.
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Marketing Theory : Evolution and Evaluation
Presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the evolution and underlying rationale of marketing theories Marketing is a dynamic discipline, subject to evolutionary changes over time.Over the years, many schools of marketing thought have enriched the discipline.Today, some of the schools are only found in history books, while others have transformed into new, modern schools of thought shaped by changing marketing contexts and the emergence of digital technology.Marketing Theory examines 16 schools of marketing thought that emerged, evolved, and dominated the marketing discipline over the course of a century.Written by a team of noted experts, this acclaimed book provides in-depth evaluations of each school—utilizing a rigorous metatheoretical framework based on scientific criteria such as syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.In this new global expanded edition, Marketing Theory identifies four new schools of marketing thought that have emerged in the past 30 years, each with separate chapters devoted to their assessment.It remains a must-read book for doctoral students in marketing, as well as young scholars and practitioners who want to understand the rationale and theoretical tenets of the various schools and contextualize their role in developing contemporary marketing theory.New to this Edition: New chapters on four new schools of marketing thoughtNew content on contenders for a general theory of marketing: Market Orientation, Service-Dominant Logic, Rule of Three Theory, and Resource Advantage (R-A) Theory of CompetitionNew and expanded coverage of Relationship Marketing, with greater emphasis on R-A TheoryNow includes insightful questions for analysis and advanced-level discussions for every chapter Wiley Advantage: Covers the main concepts and principles underlying marketing theory and practiceProvides a comprehensive typology for the 16 major schools of marketing thoughtDescribes concepts and axioms useful in generating a practical theory of marketing. Offers a practical approach to marketing theory that generates a more realistic view of marketing issuesIllustrates how marketing problems have been solved in the real world of business by connecting theory to practiceIncludes extensive references throughout, including many pioneering yet lesser-known works
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Usability Testing of Medical Devices
Usability Testing of Medical Devices covers the nitty-gritty of usability test planning, conducting, and results reporting.The book also discusses the government regulations and industry standards that motivate many medical device manufacturers to conduct usability tests. Since publication of the first edition, the FDA and other regulatory groups have modified their regulations and expectations regarding how medical device manufacturers should approach usability testing.Reflecting these changes, this Second Edition provides updated guidance to readers with an interest or direct role in conducting a usability test of a medical device or system.Key updates involve the 2011 FDA guidance on human factors engineering, requirements set forth by the third edition of IEC 60601 and closely related IEC 62366-1:2015, linking usability test tasks to risk analysis results, and analyzing root causes of use errors that occur during usability tests.Written by seasoned human factors specialists, Usability Testing of Medical Devices, Second Edition is an informative, practical, and up-to-date handbook for conducting usability tests of medical devices.The book helps ensure a smooth and painless development process—and thus, safe and effective medical devices.
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Handbook of Meta-analysis in Ecology and Evolution
Meta-analysis is a powerful statistical methodology for synthesizing research evidence across independent studies.This is the first comprehensive handbook of meta-analysis written specifically for ecologists and evolutionary biologists, and it provides an invaluable introduction for beginners as well as an up-to-date guide for experienced meta-analysts.The chapters, written by renowned experts, walk readers through every step of meta-analysis, from problem formulation to the presentation of the results.The handbook identifies both the advantages of using meta-analysis for research synthesis and the potential pitfalls and limitations of meta-analysis (including when it should not be used).Different approaches to carrying out a meta-analysis are described, and include moment and least-square, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches, all illustrated using worked examples based on real biological datasets.This one-of-a-kind resource is uniquely tailored to the biological sciences, and will provide an invaluable text for practitioners from graduate students and senior scientists to policymakers in conservation and environmental management. * Walks you through every step of carrying out a meta-analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology, from problem formulation to result presentation * Brings together experts from a broad range of fields * Shows how to avoid, minimize, or resolve pitfalls such as missing data, publication bias, varying data quality, nonindependence of observations, and phylogenetic dependencies among species * Helps you choose the right software * Draws on numerous examples based on real biological datasets
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What is cosmic evolution, chemical evolution, biological evolution, and cultural evolution?
Cosmic evolution refers to the development and changes in the universe over time, including the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets. Chemical evolution is the process by which elements and compounds have changed and evolved over time, leading to the formation of complex molecules and the conditions necessary for life. Biological evolution is the process by which living organisms have changed and diversified over time through genetic variation, natural selection, and other mechanisms. Cultural evolution refers to the development and changes in human societies, including the growth of technology, language, art, and social structures.
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What triggers evolution?
Evolution is triggered by a combination of factors, including genetic mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Genetic mutations create new variations in a population, which can then be acted upon by natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Genetic drift and gene flow also play a role in shaping the genetic makeup of a population over time. These factors collectively drive the process of evolution by leading to changes in the frequency of genetic traits within a population.
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Is evolution stingy?
Evolution is not inherently stingy, but rather it is driven by the process of natural selection, which favors traits that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. This can sometimes result in the appearance of stinginess, as resources are allocated to the most advantageous traits. However, evolution also promotes cooperation and mutualism in many species, leading to the development of symbiotic relationships and social behaviors that benefit the group as a whole. Overall, evolution is a complex process that can result in both competitive and cooperative behaviors, depending on the specific ecological and environmental pressures at play.
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What about evolution?
Evolution is the process by which species of organisms change over time through the process of natural selection, genetic drift, and other mechanisms. It is a fundamental concept in biology and has been supported by a large body of evidence from fields such as genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy. Evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth and how species have adapted to their environments over millions of years. It is a well-established scientific theory that has withstood rigorous testing and continues to be a central principle in the study of biology.
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Harmonic Analysis Method For Nonlinear Evolution Equations, I
This monograph provides a comprehensive overview on a class of nonlinear evolution equations, such as nonlinear Schroedinger equations, nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations, KdV equations as well as Navier-Stokes equations and Boltzmann equations.The global wellposedness to the Cauchy problem for those equations is systematically studied by using the harmonic analysis methods.This book is self-contained and may also be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students in analysis and PDE subjects and even ambitious undergraduate students.
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Heat Transfer : Evolution, Design and Performance
HEAT TRANSFER Provides authoritative coverage of the fundamentals of heat transfer, written by one of the most cited authors in all of Engineering Heat Transfer presents the fundamentals of the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of heat between physical systems.A pioneer in establishing heat transfer as a pillar of the modern thermal sciences, Professor Adrian Bejan presents the fundamental concepts and problem-solving methods of the discipline, predicts the evolution of heat transfer configurations, the principles of thermodynamics, and more.Building upon his classic 1993 book Heat Transfer, the author maintains his straightforward scientific approach to teaching essential developments such as Fourier conduction, fins, boundary layer theory, duct flow, scale analysis, and the structure of turbulence.In this new volume, Bejan explores topics and research developments that have emerged during the past decade, including the designing of convective flow and heat and mass transfer, the crucial relationship between configuration and performance, and new populations of configurations such as tapered ducts, plates with multi-scale features, and dendritic fins.Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance: Covers thermodynamics principles and establishes performance and evolution as fundamental concepts in thermal sciencesDemonstrates how principles of physics predict a future with economies of scale, multi-scale design, vascularization, and hierarchical distribution of many small featuresExplores new work on conduction architecture, convection with nanofluids, boiling and condensation on designed surfaces, and resonance of natural circulation in enclosuresIncludes numerous examples, problems with solutions, and access to a companion website Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical and chemical engineering, and for all engineers, physicists, biologists, and earth scientists.
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Argumentation : Analysis and Evaluation
This book concentrates on argumentation as it emerges in ordinary discourse, whether the discourse is institutionalized or strictly informal.Crucial concepts from the theory of argumentation are systematically discussed and explained with the help of examples from real-life discourse and texts.The basic principles are explained that are instrumental in the analysis and evaluation of argumentative discourse.Methodical instruments are offered for identifying differences of opinion, analyzing and evaluating argumentation and presenting arguments in oral and written discourse.Attention is also paid to the way in which arguers attempt to be not just reasonable, but effective as well, by maneuvering strategically.In addition, the book provides a great variety of exercises and assignments to improve the student’s skill in presenting argumentation. The authors begin their treatment of argumentation theory at the same juncture where argumentation also starts in practice: The difference of opinion that occasions the evolvement of the argumentation.Each chapter begins with a short summary of the essentials and ends with a number of exercises that students can use to master the material.Argumentation is the first introductory textbook of this kind.It is intended as a general introduction for students who are interested in a proper conduct of argumentative discourse.Suggestions for further reading are made for each topic and several extra assignments are added to the exercises. Special features:• A concise and complete treatment of both the theoretical backgrounds and the practice of argumentation analysis and evaluation. • Crucial concepts from pragmatics (speech act theory, Grice’s cooperative principle) presented in a non-technical way; introducing the theory of verbal communication. • The first textbook treatment of strategic maneuvering as a way of balancing being reasonable with being effective• Exercises and assignments based on real-life texts from a variety of contexts.
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Validation of Analytical Methods for Pharmaceutical Analysis
This book provides a comprehensive guide on validating analytical methods.Key features: Full review of the available regulatory guidelines on validation and in particular, ICH. Sections of the guideline, Q2(R1), have been reproduced in this book with the kind permission of the ICH Secretariat; Thorough discussion of each of the validation characteristics (Specificity; Linearity; Range; Accuracy; Precision; Detection Limit; Quantitation Limit; Robustness; System Suitability) plus practical tips on how they may be studied; What to include in a validation protocol with advice on the experimental procedure to follow and selection of appropriate acceptance criteria; How to interpret and calculate the results of a validation study including the use of suitable statistical calculations; A fully explained case study demonstrating how to plan a validation study, what to include in the protocol, experiments to perform, setting acceptance criteria, interpretation of the results and reporting the study.
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Can evolution stop?
Evolution is a continuous process driven by genetic variation, natural selection, and environmental changes. While it is theoretically possible for evolution to slow down or even temporarily stop in a stable environment with little genetic variation, it is unlikely to completely halt. As long as there are factors such as mutations, genetic recombination, and environmental pressures, evolution will continue to shape and change species over time. Therefore, while it may slow down under certain conditions, it is unlikely for evolution to completely stop.
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Will evolution change?
Evolution is a continuous process driven by genetic variation, natural selection, and environmental changes. As long as these factors continue to operate, evolution will continue to occur. However, the specific direction and pace of evolution may change in response to new environmental pressures, genetic mutations, and other factors. Therefore, while the fundamental process of evolution is unlikely to change, the specific outcomes and patterns of evolution may vary over time.
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What is the difference between synthetic evolution and natural evolution?
Synthetic evolution involves the intentional manipulation of genetic material by humans in a controlled environment, such as in a laboratory setting, to produce desired traits or outcomes. In contrast, natural evolution occurs in nature through the process of natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time. While synthetic evolution is directed and guided by human intervention, natural evolution is driven by environmental pressures and random genetic mutations.
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Is evolution really proven?
Yes, evolution is a well-established scientific theory that is supported by a vast amount of evidence from various fields such as genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy. The theory of evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth and how species have changed over time through natural selection and other mechanisms. While there may still be gaps in our understanding of certain aspects of evolution, the overall evidence strongly supports the theory as a fundamental principle of biology.
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